According to the World Bank, by 2036, India’s towns and cities will be home to 600 million people, or 40 percent of the population, up from 31 percent in 2011. Rapid urban expansion has transformed Indian cities into major centres of economic activity, but it has also intensified environmental stress, infrastructure deficits, and regional inequalities. In this context, sustainable urbanisation has become a critical developmental necessity.

Unchecked Urban Expansion

• Rapid urban sprawl, driven by migration and real-estate expansion, has led to the conversion of agricultural land, wetlands, and green cover into built-up areas.
• This has increased ecological vulnerability and reduced the natural capacity of cities to absorb climatic shocks.

Environmental and Infrastructure Stress

• Unplanned growth has intensified air pollution, traffic congestion, urban flooding, and groundwater depletion.
• Simultaneously, inadequate public transport and rising vehicular dependence have increased carbon emissions and reduced urban liveability.

Need for Sustainable Urban Planning

• Compact city models, integrated public transport, scientific waste management, and rainwater harvesting should be India’s top policy priorities in this context.
• Protecting urban commons and promoting green infrastructure are essential for climate resilience.

Summing Up